General Instructions: Complete your answers on separate pages and then staple this sheet on top of your typewritten solutions. The only allowable sources of information are your notes, your textbook, and your memory. This exam is due at the beginning of class on Tuesday, March 2nd.

I. Define and explain the philosophical significance of 14 of the following terms. Be sure to identity at least one philosopher with whom the term is associated. [2 points each]

(a) Ex Nihilo, Nihil Fit	(i) Clear and Distinct Argument
(b) Principle of Sufficient Reason	(j) objective reality
(c) Best of all worlds	(k) immanent cause
(d) Problem of Evil	(l) expression of an attribute of God
(e) Deceptive Senses Argument	(m) essence
(f) Occasionalism	(n) intellectual intuition
(g) Evil Demon Hypothesis	(o) identity of indiscernables
(h) Cogito, Ergo Sum	(p) entelechies

II. Answer all of the following:

(q) Describe the important historical events and trends, i.e. social, political, religious, intellectual, etc., that influenced the life and work of Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. Provide concrete examples, from the texts you read, of at least some of these influences.[12 points]

(r) For each of Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz present their views on (i) the nature of substance, (ii) how the metaphysical universe is structured given (i), and (iii) why the universe has to be that way given (i). Carefully detail how their views are the same and how they are different.
In the process, you should present and explain their respective views on the nature of mind and body and the nature of their interaction. Evaluate all the views. [36 points.]

(s) Describe and compare Descartes', Spinoza's, and Leibniz', view on the nature of God. For each philosopher, present and fully explain at least one argument for the existence of God. Make sure to pick distinct arguments from each philosopher. For example, both Spinoza and Descartes provide ontological arguments for God's existence--do not pick both of these arguments. Evaluate all the arguments you present. For all arguments, even if you think the argument is good, present and reply to at least one objection to the argument. [24 points]

Sign and return this sheet with your exam. Unpledged exams will not be graded!

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