Introduction
- Basis of titrimetry. Definition of equivalence point, titrant, titration
reaction, endpoint.
- Types of titrimetry. Classification by titration reaction, by dispensing
method, by endpoint
detection method.
Methodology
- General procedure. General formula to calculate amount of analyte
in the sample.
- Direct and indirect titrations. Back titrations and replacement titrations.
Advantages of indirect titrations.
- Requirements for titrimetric
analysis. Sources of error in titrimetric analysis.
- Standardization of titrant. Primary standards.
Titration Curves
- Definition and importance.
- Shapes of titration curves. Linear/segmented and sigmoidal curves.
- "Sharpness" of
titration curves, and its importance.
- Examples of titration curves: acid-base, argentometric, EDTA, redox
titration curves.
- Factors affecting titration curve sharpness. Effect of analyte/titrant
concentration, equilibrium constant.
- Titration of analyte mixtures: shape of titration curve, ability
to analyze mixtures
Methods of Endpoint Detection
- Importance of endpoint detection
- Classification: chemical and instrumental endpoint detection
- Chemical indicators. Four common modes of operation, with examples.
Considerations in choosing an indicator, especially for acid-base titrations.
Effect of conditions on accuracy and precision of endpoint detection
using chemical indicators.
- Common instrumental methods for following the progress of a titration
reaction. Briefly: general theory of operation -- especially potentiometric
detection -- and shapes of titration curves from these methods.
- Determination of endpoint from (i) sigmoidal and (ii) segmented titration
curves.
- Comparison: instrumental vs chemical endpoint detection
|